• 4.3.3.1 Specializing the Communication Code
• 4.3.3.2 JAM example
• 4.3.3.3 Cube sphere communication

4.3.3 Controlling communication

1. Tile-tile connectivity information For each tile the WRAPPER sets a flag that sets the tile number to the north, south, east and west of that tile. This number is unique over all tiles in a configuration. Except when using the cubed sphere and the exch2 package, the number is held in the variables tileNo ( this holds the tiles own number), tileNoN, tileNoS, tileNoE and tileNoW. A parameter is also stored with each tile that specifies the type of communication that is used between tiles. This information is held in the variables tileCommModeN, tileCommModeS, tileCommModeE and tileCommModeW. This latter set of variables can take one of the following values COMM_NONE, COMM_MSG, COMM_PUT and COMM_GET. A value of COMM_NONE is used to indicate that a tile has no neighbor to communicate with on a particular face. A value of COMM_MSG is used to indicate that some form of distributed memory communication is required to communicate between these tile faces (see section 4.2.7). A value of COMM_PUT or COMM_GET is used to indicate forms of shared memory communication (see section 4.2.6). The COMM_PUT value indicates that a CPU should communicate by writing to data structures owned by another CPU. A COMM_GET value indicates that a CPU should communicate by reading from data structures owned by another CPU. These flags affect the behavior of the WRAPPER exchange primitive (see figure 4.7). The routine ini_communication_patterns() is responsible for setting the communication mode values for each tile.

   When using the cubed sphere configuration with the exch2 package, the relationships between tiles and their communication methods are set by the exch2 package and stored in different variables. See the exch2 package documentation (6.2.4 for details.

   
   

2. MP directives The WRAPPER transfers control to numerical application code through the routine THE_MODEL_MAIN. This routine is called in a way that allows for it to be invoked by several threads. Support for this is based on either multi-processing (MP) compiler directives or specific calls to multi-threading libraries (eg. POSIX threads). Most commercially available Fortran compilers support the generation of code to spawn multiple threads through some form of compiler directives. Compiler directives are generally more convenient than writing code to explicitly spawning threads. And, on some systems, compiler directives may be the only method available. The WRAPPER is distributed with template MP directives for a number of systems.

   These directives are inserted into the code just before and after the transfer of control to numerical algorithm code through the routine THE_MODEL_MAIN. Figure 4.12 shows an example of the code that performs this process for a Silicon Graphics system. This code is extracted from the files main.F and MAIN_PDIRECTIVES1.h. The variable nThreads specifies how many instances of the routine THE_MODEL_MAIN will be created. The value of nThreads is set in the routine INI_THREADING_ENVIRONMENT. The value is set equal to the the product of the parameters nTx and nTy that are read from the file eedata. If the value of nThreads is inconsistent with the number of threads requested from the operating system (for example by using an environment variable as described in section 4.3.2.1) then usually an error will be reported by the routine CHECK_THREADS.

   

3. memsync flags As discussed in section 4.2.6.1, a low-level system function may be need to force memory consistency on some shared memory systems. The routine MEMSYNC() is used for this purpose. This routine should not need modifying and the information below is only provided for completeness. A logical parameter exchNeedsMemSync set in the routine INI_COMMUNICATION_PATTERNS() controls whether the MEMSYNC() primitive is called. In general this routine is only used for multi-threaded execution. The code that goes into the MEMSYNC() routine is specific to the compiler and processor used. In some cases, it must be written using a short code snippet of assembly language. For an Ultra Sparc system the following code snippet is used

   asm("membar #LoadStore|#StoreStore");
   

   for an Alpha based system the equivalent code reads

   asm("mb");
   

   while on an x86 system the following code is required

   asm("lock; addl $0,0(%%esp)": : :"memory")
   

4. Cache line size As discussed in section 4.2.6.2, milti-threaded codes explicitly avoid penalties associated with excessive coherence traffic on an SMP system. To do this the shared memory data structures used by the GLOBAL_SUM, GLOBAL_MAX and BARRIER routines are padded. The variables that control the padding are set in the header file EEPARAMS.h. These variables are called cacheLineSize, lShare1, lShare4 and lShare8. The default values should not normally need changing.

5. _BARRIER This is a CPP macro that is expanded to a call to a routine which synchronizes all the logical processors running under the WRAPPER. Using a macro here preserves flexibility to insert a specialized call in-line into application code. By default this resolves to calling the procedure BARRIER(). The default setting for the _BARRIER macro is given in the file CPP_EEMACROS.h.

6. _GSUM This is a CPP macro that is expanded to a call to a routine which sums up a floating point number over all the logical processors running under the WRAPPER. Using a macro here provides extra flexibility to insert a specialized call in-line into application code. By default this resolves to calling the procedure GLOBAL_SUM_R8() ( for 64-bit floating point operands) or GLOBAL_SUM_R4() (for 32-bit floating point operands). The default setting for the _GSUM macro is given in the file CPP_EEMACROS.h. The _GSUM macro is a performance critical operation, especially for large processor count, small tile size configurations. The custom communication example discussed in section 4.3.3.2 shows how the macro is used to invoke a custom global sum routine for a specific set of hardware.

7. _EXCH The _EXCH CPP macro is used to update tile overlap regions. It is qualified by a suffix indicating whether overlap updates are for two-dimensional ( _EXCH_XY ) or three dimensional ( _EXCH_XYZ ) physical fields and whether fields are 32-bit floating point ( _EXCH_XY_R4, _EXCH_XYZ_R4 ) or 64-bit floating point ( _EXCH_XY_R8, _EXCH_XYZ_R8 ). The macro mappings are defined in the header file CPP_EEMACROS.h. As with _GSUM, the _EXCH operation plays a crucial role in scaling to small tile, large logical and physical processor count configurations. The example in section 4.3.3.2 discusses defining an optimized and specialized form on the _EXCH operation.

   The _EXCH operation is also central to supporting grids such as the cube-sphere grid. In this class of grid a rotation may be required between tiles. Aligning the coordinate requiring rotation with the tile decomposition, allows the coordinate transformation to be embedded within a custom form of the _EXCH primitive. In these cases _EXCH is mapped to exch2 routines, as detailed in the exch2 package documentation 6.2.4.

8. Reverse Mode The communication primitives _EXCH and _GSUM both employ hand-written adjoint forms (or reverse mode) forms. These reverse mode forms can be found in the source code directory pkg/autodiff. For the global sum primitive the reverse mode form calls are to GLOBAL_ADSUM_R4 and GLOBAL_ADSUM_R8. The reverse mode form of the exchange primitives are found in routines prefixed ADEXCH. The exchange routines make calls to the same low-level communication primitives as the forward mode operations. However, the routine argument simulationMode is set to the value REVERSE_SIMULATION. This signifies to the low-level routines that the adjoint forms of the appropriate communication operation should be performed.

9. MAX_NO_THREADS The variable MAX_NO_THREADS is used to indicate the maximum number of OS threads that a code will use. This value defaults to thirty-two and is set in the file EEPARAMS.h. For single threaded execution it can be reduced to one if required. The value is largely private to the WRAPPER and application code will not normally reference the value, except in the following scenario.

   For certain physical parametrization schemes it is necessary to have a substantial number of work arrays. Where these arrays are allocated in heap storage (for example COMMON blocks) multi-threaded execution will require multiple instances of the COMMON block data. This can be achieved using a Fortran 90 module construct. However, if this mechanism is unavailable then the work arrays can be extended with dimensions using the tile dimensioning scheme of nSx and nSy (as described in section 4.3.1). However, if the configuration being specified involves many more tiles than OS threads then it can save memory resources to reduce the variable MAX_NO_THREADS to be equal to the actual number of threads that will be used and to declare the physical parameterization work arrays with a single MAX_NO_THREADS extra dimension. An example of this is given in the verification experiment aim.5l_cs. Here the default setting of MAX_NO_THREADS is altered to

         INTEGER MAX_NO_THREADS
         PARAMETER ( MAX_NO_THREADS =    6 )
   

   and several work arrays for storing intermediate calculations are created with declarations of the form.

         common /FORCIN/ sst1(ngp,MAX_NO_THREADS)
   

   This declaration scheme is not used widely, because most global data is used for permanent not temporary storage of state information. In the case of permanent state information this approach cannot be used because there has to be enough storage allocated for all tiles. However, the technique can sometimes be a useful scheme for reducing memory requirements in complex physical parameterizations.

Figure 4.12: Prior to transferring control to the procedure THE_MODEL_MAIN() the WRAPPER may use MP directives to spawn multiple threads.

4.3.3.1 Specializing the Communication Code

The isolation of performance critical communication primitives and the sub-division of the simulation domain into tiles is a powerful tool. Here we show how it can be used to improve application performance and how it can be used to adapt to new griding approaches.

4.3.3.2 JAM example

• An extra phase is included at boot time to initialize the custom communications library ( see ini_jam.F).
• The _GSUM and _EXCH macro definitions are replaced with calls to custom routines (see gsum_jam.F and exch_jam.F)
• a highly specialized form of the exchange operator (optimized for overlap regions of width one) is substituted into the elliptic solver routine cg2d.F.

4.3.3.3 Cube sphere communication

Copyright © 2006 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Last update 2018-01-23