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Subsections


6.4.7 EXF: The external forcing package

Authors: Patrick Heimbach and Dimitris Menemenlis


6.4.7.1 Introduction

The external forcing package, in conjunction with the calendar package (cal), enables the handling of real-time (or ``model-time'') forcing fields of differing temporal forcing patterns. It comprises climatological restoring and relaxation. Bulk formulae are implemented to convert atmospheric fields to surface fluxes. An interpolation routine provides on-the-fly interpolation of forcing fields an arbitrary grid onto the model grid.

CPP options enable or disable different aspects of the package (Section 6.4.7.2). Runtime options, flags, filenames and field-related dates/times are set in data.exf (Section 6.4.7.3). A description of key subroutines is given in Section 6.4.7.6. Input fields, units and sign conventions are summarized in Section 6.4.7.5, and available diagnostics output is listed in Section 6.4.7.7.

6.4.7.2 EXF configuration, compiling & running


6.4.7.2.1 Compile-time options

 

As with all MITgcm packages, EXF can be turned on or off at compile time

  • using the packages.conf file by adding exf to it,
  • or using genmake2 adding -enable=exf or -disable=exf switches
  • required packages and CPP options:
    EXF requires the calendar package cal to be enabled; no additional CPP options are required.
(see Section 3.4).

Parts of the EXF code can be enabled or disabled at compile time via CPP preprocessor flags. These options are set in either EXF_OPTIONS.h or in ECCO_CPPOPTIONS.h. Table 6.9 summarizes these options.


Table 6.9:  
CPP option Description
EXF_VERBOSE verbose mode (recommended only for testing)
ALLOW_ATM_TEMP compute heat/freshwater fluxes from atmos. state input
ALLOW_ATM_WIND compute wind stress from wind speed input
ALLOW_BULKFORMULAE is used if ALLOW_ATM_TEMP or ALLOW_ATM_WIND is enabled
EXF_READ_EVAP read evaporation instead of computing it
ALLOW_RUNOFF read time-constant river/glacier run-off field
ALLOW_DOWNWARD_RADIATION compute net from downward or downward from net radiation
USE_EXF_INTERPOLATION enable on-the-fly bilinear or bicubic interpolation of input fields
used in conjunction with relaxation to prescribed (climatological) fields
ALLOW_CLIMSST_RELAXATION relaxation to 2-D SST climatology
ALLOW_CLIMSSS_RELAXATION relaxation to 2-D SSS climatology
these are set outside of EXF in CPP_OPTIONS.h
SHORTWAVE_HEATING enable shortwave radiation
ATMOSPHERIC_LOADING enable surface pressure forcing



6.4.7.3 Run-time parameters

Run-time parameters are set in files data.pkg and data.exf which is read in exf_readparms.F. Run-time parameters may be broken into 3 categories: (i) switching on/off the package at runtime, (ii) general flags and parameters, and (iii) attributes for each forcing and climatological field.

6.4.7.3.1 Enabling the package

 
A package is switched on/off at runtime by setting (e.g. for EXF) useEXF = .TRUE. in data.pkg.

6.4.7.3.2 General flags and parameters

 

Table 6.10:  
Flag/parameter default Description
useExfCheckRange .TRUE. check range of input fields and stop if out of range
useExfYearlyFields .FALSE. append current year postfix of form _YYYY on filename
twoDigitYear .FALSE. instead of appending _YYYY append YY
repeatPeriod 0.0 $ >0$ : cycle through all input fields at the same period (in seconds)
    $ = 0$ : use period assigned to each field
exf_offset_atemp 0.0 set to 273.16 to convert from deg. Kelvin (assumed input) to Celsius
windstressmax 2.0 max. allowed wind stress $ N/m^2$
exf_albedo 0.1 surface albedo used to compute downward vs. net radiative fluxes
climtempfreeze -1.9 ???
ocean_emissivity longwave ocean-surface emissivity
ice_emissivity longwave seaice emissivity
snow_emissivity longwave snow emissivity
exf_iceCd 1.63E-3 drag coefficient over sea-ice
exf_iceCe 1.63E-3 evaporation transfer coeff. over sea-ice
exf_iceCh 1.63E-3 sensible heat transfer coeff. over sea-ice
exf_scal_BulkCdn 1. overall scaling of neutral drag coeff.
useStabilityFct_overIce .FALSE. compute turbulent transfer coeff. over sea-ice
readStressOnAgrid .FALSE. read wind-streess located on model-grid, A-grid point
readStressOnCgrid .FALSE. read wind-streess located on model-grid, C-grid point
useRelativeWind .FALSE. subtract [U/V]VEL or [U/VICE from U/V]WIND before
    computing [U/V]STRESS
zref 10. reference height
hu 10. height of mean wind
ht 2. height of mean temperature and rel. humidity
umin 0.5 minimum absolute wind speed for computing Cd
atmrho 1.2 mean atmospheric density [kg/m3]
atmcp 1005. mean atmospheric specific heat [J/kg/K]
cdrag_[n] ??? n = 1,2,3; parameters for drag coeff. function
cstanton_[n] ??? n = 1,2; parameters for Stanton number function
cdalton ??? parameter for Dalton number function
flamb 2500000. latent heat of evaporation [J/kg]
flami 334000. latent heat of melting of pure ice [J/kg]
zolmin -100. minimum stability parameter
cvapor_fac 640380.  
cvapor_exp 5107.4  
cvapor_fac_ice 11637800.  
cvapor_fac_ice 5897.8  
humid_fac 0.606 parameter for virtual temperature calculation
gamma_blk 0.010 adiabatic lapse rate
saltsat 0.980 reduction of saturation vapor pressure over salt-water
psim_fac 5.  
exf_monFreq monitorFreq output frequency [s]
exf_iprec 32 precision of input fields (32-bit or 64-bit)
exf_yftype 'RL' precision of arrays ('RL' vs. 'RS')


6.4.7.3.3 Field attributes

 
All EXF fields are listed in Section 6.4.7.5. Each field has a number of attributes which can be customized. They are summarized in Table 6.11. To obtain an attribute for a specific field, e.g. uwind prepend the field name to the listed attribute, e.g. for attribute period this yields uwindperiod:
\begin{displaymath}\begin{array}{cccccc} ~ & \texttt{field} & \& & \texttt{attr... ...period} & \longrightarrow & \text{uwindperiod} \\ \end{array}\end{displaymath}      


Table 6.11:
Note one exception for the default of atempconst = celsius2K = 273.16
attribute Default Description
fieldfile ' ' filename; if left empty no file will be read; const will be used instead
fieldconst 0. constant that will be used if no file is read
fieldstartdate1 0. format: YYYYMMDD; start year (YYYY), month (MM), day (YY)
    of field to determine record number
fieldstartdate2 0. format: HHMMSS; start hour (HH), minute (MM), second(SS)
    of field to determine record number
fieldperiod 0. interval in seconds between two records
exf_inscal_field   optional rescaling of input fields to comply with EXF units
exf_outscal_field   optional rescaling of EXF fields when mapped onto MITgcm fields
used in conjunction with EXF_USE_INTERPOLATION
field_lon0 $ xgOrigin+delX/2$ starting longitude of input
field_lon_inc $ delX$ increment in longitude of input
field_lat0 $ ygOrigin+delY/2$ starting latitude of input
field_lat_inc $ delY$ increment in latitude of input
field_nlon $ Nx$ number of grid points in longitude of input
field_nlat $ Ny$ number of grid points in longitude of input


6.4.7.3.4 Example configuration

 
The following block is taken from the data.exf file of the verification experiment global_with_exf/. It defines attributes for the heat flux variable hflux: 

 hfluxfile       = 'ncep_qnet.bin',
 hfluxstartdate1 = 19920101,
 hfluxstartdate2 = 000000,
 hfluxperiod     = 2592000.0,
 hflux_lon0      = 2
 hflux_lon_inc   = 4
 hflux_lat0      = -78
 hflux_lat_inc   = 39*4
 hflux_nlon      = 90
 hflux_nlat      = 40

EXF will read a file of name 'ncep_qnet.bin'. Its first record represents January 1st, 1992 at 00:00 UTC. Next record is 2592000 seconds (or 30 days) later. Note that the first record read and used by the EXF package corresponds to the value 'startDate1' set in data.cal. Therefore if you want to start the EXF forcing from later in the 'ncep_qnet.bin' file, it suffices to specify startDate1 in data.cal as a date later than 19920101 (for example, startDate1 = 19940101, for starting January 1st, 1994). For this to work, 'ncep_qnet.bin' must have at least 2 years of data because in this configuration EXF will read 2 years into the file to find the 1994 starting value. Interpolation on-the-fly is used (in the present case trivially on the same grid, but included nevertheless for illustration), and input field grid starting coordinates and increments are supplied as well.


6.4.7.4 EXF bulk formulae

T.B.D. (cross-ref. to parameter list table)


6.4.7.5 EXF input fields and units

The following list is taken from the header file EXF_FIELDS.h. It comprises all EXF input fields.

Output fields which EXF provides to the MITgcm are fields fu, fv, Qnet, Qsw, EmPmR, and pload. They are defined in FFIELDS.h. 

c----------------------------------------------------------------------
c               |
c     field     :: Description
c               |
c----------------------------------------------------------------------
c     ustress   :: Zonal surface wind stress in N/m^2
c               |  > 0 for increase in uVel, which is west to
c               |      east for cartesian and spherical polar grids
c               |  Typical range: -0.5 < ustress < 0.5
c               |  Southwest C-grid U point
c               |  Input field
c----------------------------------------------------------------------
c     vstress   :: Meridional surface wind stress in N/m^2
c               |  > 0 for increase in vVel, which is south to
c               |      north for cartesian and spherical polar grids
c               |  Typical range: -0.5 < vstress < 0.5
c               |  Southwest C-grid V point
c               |  Input field
c----------------------------------------------------------------------
c     hs        :: sensible heat flux into ocean in W/m^2
c               |  > 0 for increase in theta (ocean warming)
c----------------------------------------------------------------------
c     hl        :: latent   heat flux into ocean in W/m^2
c               |  > 0 for increase in theta (ocean warming)
c----------------------------------------------------------------------
c     hflux     :: Net upward surface heat flux in W/m^2
c               |  (including shortwave)
c               |  hflux = latent + sensible + lwflux + swflux
c               |  > 0 for decrease in theta (ocean cooling)
c               |  Typical range: -250 < hflux < 600
c               |  Southwest C-grid tracer point
c               |  Input field
c----------------------------------------------------------------------
c     sflux     :: Net upward freshwater flux in m/s
c               |  sflux = evap - precip - runoff
c               |  > 0 for increase in salt (ocean salinity)
c               |  Typical range: -1e-7 < sflux < 1e-7
c               |  Southwest C-grid tracer point
c               |  Input field
c----------------------------------------------------------------------
c     swflux    :: Net upward shortwave radiation in W/m^2
c               |  swflux = - ( swdown - ice and snow absorption - reflected )
c               |  > 0 for decrease in theta (ocean cooling)
c               |  Typical range: -350 < swflux < 0
c               |  Southwest C-grid tracer point
c               |  Input field
c----------------------------------------------------------------------
c     uwind     :: Surface (10-m) zonal wind velocity in m/s
c               |  > 0 for increase in uVel, which is west to
c               |      east for cartesian and spherical polar grids
c               |  Typical range: -10 < uwind < 10
c               |  Southwest C-grid U point
c               |  Input or input/output field
c----------------------------------------------------------------------
c     vwind     :: Surface (10-m) meridional wind velocity in m/s
c               |  > 0 for increase in vVel, which is south to
c               |      north for cartesian and spherical polar grids
c               |  Typical range: -10 < vwind < 10
c               |  Southwest C-grid V point
c               |  Input or input/output field
c----------------------------------------------------------------------
c     wspeed    :: Surface (10-m) wind speed in m/s
c               |  >= 0 sqrt(u^2+v^2)
c               |  Typical range: 0 < wspeed < 10
c               |  Input or input/output field
c----------------------------------------------------------------------
c     atemp     :: Surface (2-m) air temperature in deg K
c               |  Typical range: 200 < atemp < 300
c               |  Southwest C-grid tracer point
c               |  Input or input/output field
c----------------------------------------------------------------------
c     aqh       :: Surface (2m) specific humidity in kg/kg
c               |  Typical range: 0 < aqh < 0.02
c               |  Southwest C-grid tracer point
c               |  Input or input/output field
c----------------------------------------------------------------------
c     lwflux    :: Net upward longwave radiation in W/m^2
c               |  lwflux = - ( lwdown - ice and snow absorption - emitted )
c               |  > 0 for decrease in theta (ocean cooling)
c               |  Typical range: -20 < lwflux < 170
c               |  Southwest C-grid tracer point
c               |  Input field
c----------------------------------------------------------------------
c     evap      :: Evaporation in m/s
c               |  > 0 for increase in salt (ocean salinity)
c               |  Typical range: 0 < evap < 2.5e-7
c               |  Southwest C-grid tracer point
c               |  Input, input/output, or output field
c----------------------------------------------------------------------
c     precip    :: Precipitation in m/s
c               |  > 0 for decrease in salt (ocean salinity)
c               |  Typical range: 0 < precip < 5e-7
c               |  Southwest C-grid tracer point
c               |  Input or input/output field
c----------------------------------------------------------------------
c    snowprecip :: snow in m/s
c               |  > 0 for decrease in salt (ocean salinity)
c               |  Typical range: 0 < precip < 5e-7
c               |  Input or input/output field
c----------------------------------------------------------------------
c     runoff    :: River and glacier runoff in m/s
c               |  > 0 for decrease in salt (ocean salinity)
c               |  Typical range: 0 < runoff < ????
c               |  Southwest C-grid tracer point
c               |  Input or input/output field
c               |  !!! WATCH OUT: Default exf_inscal_runoff !!!
c               |  !!! in exf_readparms.F is not 1.0        !!!
c----------------------------------------------------------------------
c     swdown    :: Downward shortwave radiation in W/m^2
c               |  > 0 for increase in theta (ocean warming)
c               |  Typical range: 0 < swdown < 450
c               |  Southwest C-grid tracer point
c               |  Input/output field
c----------------------------------------------------------------------
c     lwdown    :: Downward longwave radiation in W/m^2
c               |  > 0 for increase in theta (ocean warming)
c               |  Typical range: 50 < lwdown < 450
c               |  Southwest C-grid tracer point
c               |  Input/output field
c----------------------------------------------------------------------
c     apressure :: Atmospheric pressure field in N/m^2
c               |  > 0 for ????
c               |  Typical range: ???? < apressure < ????
c               |  Southwest C-grid tracer point
c               |  Input field
c----------------------------------------------------------------------


6.4.7.6 Key subroutines

Top-level routine: exf_getforcing.F 

C     !CALLING SEQUENCE:
c ...
c  exf_getforcing (TOP LEVEL ROUTINE)
c  |
c  |-- exf_getclim (get climatological fields used e.g. for relax.)
c  |   |--- exf_set_climsst  (relax. to 2-D SST field)
c  |   |--- exf_set_climsss  (relax. to 2-D SSS field)
c  |   o
c  |
c  |-- exf_getffields <- this one does almost everything
c  |   |   1. reads in fields, either flux or atmos. state,
c  |   |      depending on CPP options (for each variable two fields
c  |   |      consecutive in time are read in and interpolated onto
c  |   |      current time step).
c  |   |   2. If forcing is atmos. state and control is atmos. state,
c  |   |      then the control variable anomalies are read here via ctrl_get_gen
c  |   |      (atemp, aqh, precip, swflux, swdown, uwind, vwind).
c  |   |      If forcing and control are fluxes, then
c  |   |      controls are added later.
c  |   o
c  |
c  |-- exf_radiation
c  |   |    Compute net or downwelling radiative fluxes via
c  |   |    Stefan-Boltzmann law in case only one is known.
c  |   o
c  |-- exf_wind
c  |   |   Computes wind speed and stresses, if required.
c  |   o
c  |
c  |-- exf_bulkformulae
c  |   |   Compute air-sea buoyancy fluxes from
c  |   |   atmospheric state following Large and Pond, JPO, 1981/82
c  |   o
c  |
c  |-- < hflux is sum of sensible, latent, longwave rad. >
c  |-- < sflux is sum of evap. minus precip. minus runoff  >
c  |
c  |-- exf_getsurfacefluxes
c  |   If forcing and control is flux, then the
c  |   control vector anomalies are read here via ctrl_get_gen
c  |   (hflux, sflux, ustress, vstress)
c  |
c  |-- < update tile edges here >
c  |
c  |-- exf_check_range
c  |   |   Check whether read fields are within assumed range
c  |   |   (may capture mismatches in units)
c  |   o
c  |
c  |-- < add shortwave to hflux for diagnostics >
c  |
c  |-- exf_diagnostics_fill
c  |   |   Do EXF-related diagnostics output here.
c  |   o
c  |
c  |-- exf_mapfields
c  |   |   Forcing fields from exf package are mapped onto
c  |   |   mitgcm forcing arrays.
c  |   |   Mapping enables a runtime rescaling of fields
c  |   o
C  o

Radiation calculation: exf_radiation.F

Wind speed and stress calculation: exf_wind.F

Bulk formula: exf_bulkformulae.F

Generic I/O: exf_set_gen.F

Interpolation: exf_interp.F

Header routines


6.4.7.7 EXF diagnostics

Diagnostics output is available via the diagnostics package (see Section 7.1). Available output fields are summarized in Table 6.12.


Table 6.12:  
\begin{table}\centering {\footnotesize \begin{verbatim}---------+----+----+---... ...ert SM \vert N/m^2 \vert atmospheric pressure field\end{verbatim} }\end{table}



6.4.7.8 Experiments and tutorials that use exf

  • Global Ocean experiment, in global_with_exf verification directory
  • Labrador Sea experiment, in lab_sea verification directory

6.4.7.9 References

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